The Atlanta Gleaner.

Floyd v. State, No. S23A1042, 2024 WL 674470 (Ga. Feb. 20, 2024)
#criminal defense #ineffective assistance of counsel #self-defense jury instruction #destinies collide…

Background

Defendant was convicted in the Superior Court, Newton County, of felony murder predicated on possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Defendant appealed.

The Supreme Court held that defense counsel's failure to request self-defense instruction, coupled with failure to explain self-defense applied to felony murder based on possession of firearm by convicted felon and agreement with trial court's response to jury's question, constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. Reversed.

Opinion

Appellant Darnell Rene Floyd challenges his conviction for felony murder predicated on possession of a firearm by a convicted felon in connection with the shooting death of Telmo Ortiz. At trial, Appellant contended that he acted in self-defense, and he was acquitted of malice murder; felony murder predicated on attempted armed robbery and aggravated assault; and two counts of aggravated assault. [1] On appeal, Appellant challenges only the felony murder and felon-in-possession convictions. He contends that his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective in several ways related to counsel's handling of the interplay between self-defense and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. We agree and accordingly reverse, but because the evidence against him was constitutionally sufficient to authorize the conviction, he may be retried. [2]

1. The evidence presented at trial showed the following. [3] The shooting took place on September 9, 2017, at the home of Caitlyn Croft and her twin sister, Casie Croft, who was Ortiz's girlfriend. Caitlyn and Casie were present at the time, as was Destiny Welch, a mutual friend of everyone present.

Over a year before the shooting, Appellant, who was a convicted felon, [4] was at a bar and encountered Ortiz for the first time.

• Words were exchanged between Appellant's friends and Ortiz's friends, and Ortiz and one of his friends left the bar and retrieved guns from a car.

• As Appellant and a friend left the bar, Ortiz and his friend approached Appellant with guns in their hands and made threatening gestures toward Appellant and Appellant's friend.

• Appellant's friend pulled him away, and they got into Appellant's car and left.

• About a week later, Appellant saw Ortiz again at the bar and told him, “[Y]ou can't be out here pulling guns on people because everyone is not just going to bow down.” Ortiz responded, “I don't give a f**k, I'm just the type of mother**cker that you just going to have to bust me.”

• The two continued to talk for a short while longer, and then Appellant went to a different area of the bar.

About a month before the shooting occurred, Welch told Appellant that Ortiz was offering to sell a gun, and Appellant and Ortiz met at Casie and Caitlyn's house to discuss the purchase.

• Appellant declined to buy the gun because Ortiz had raised the price of the gun from the earlier price he had quoted Welch.

• A short time after this encounter, Ortiz's brother, or another person, stole cell phones from Welch and a friend of Welch's;

• Ortiz later came into possession of the phones. [5] Welch's friend, with the assistance of Casie, was able to recover her phone from Ortiz by paying him for it, and Ortiz likewise told Welch she would have to pay him to get her phone back. Welch then communicated with Casie and Caitlyn to try to recover the phone, but she was unable to get her phone back.

At about 10:30 p.m. on the night the shooting occurred, Appellant and Welch drove to the house where Casie and Caitlyn lived so that Welch could try to get her phone back.

• When Appellant and Welch arrived at the house, Appellant parked his SUV facing the street, between the unpaved driveway and a large tree near the front porch of the house.

• Welch stepped out of the SUV and spoke to Caitlyn, who was on the front porch.

• Welch told Caitlyn that she wanted to get her phone back and wanted to speak to either Casie or Ortiz about it.

• Caitlyn told Welch that Casie and Ortiz were not there, but Caitlyn contacted Ortiz to tell him that Appellant and Welch were at the house.

• Caitlyn then went over to the SUV and visited with Welch's child, who was in a car seat in the backseat.

• Caitlyn saw a “shotgun” in the backseat.

Shortly thereafter, Ortiz and Casie returned, drove past the SUV, and parked behind the house. Before Casie and Ortiz exited the car, she handed him a handgun, and he put it in the waistband of his shorts. Ortiz walked to the SUV on the driver's side where Appellant was sitting, and Casie walked to the passenger side of the SUV. Caitlyn returned to the front porch. The witnesses provided conflicting pretrial statements and testimony about what happened next.

According to Appellant's testimony at trial, he drove Welch and her child to Caitlyn and Casie's house, believing that Welch was going to be dropping her child off with Caitlyn and Casie to babysit. Although he was aware that Ortiz had Welch's stolen cell phone, he did not know that Ortiz lived there as well.

• When Ortiz arrived at the house, Ortiz approached the driver's side window and asked, “[W]hat's up.”

• Appellant asked Ortiz about Welch's cell phone, and Ortiz responded that he had paid for it and that if Appellant wanted it back, he would have to pay for it.

• Appellant accused Ortiz of robbing women for cell phones and saw Ortiz lift the hem of his shirt and reach for a firearm in his waistband. Appellant then opened the car door to deflect the gun and stepped out of the car, carrying a nine-millimeter handgun in his pocket and another handgun in his waistband.

• The door hit Ortiz, who started pulling out his gun and lunging at Appellant, but Ortiz's gun seemed to get “stuck on something.”

• Appellant pulled the nine-millimeter gun out of his pocket and fired at Ortiz.

• Appellant did not point his gun at Ortiz's face or tell Ortiz to “run [his] pockets.”

• When Appellant saw Ortiz with the gun in his hand and trying to pull it out of his waistband, Appellant feared for his life; after Appellant fired one shot, Ortiz continued to pull his gun out.

• Appellant fired another shot, and Ortiz began to turn and run away, but Ortiz started to turn back, and Appellant could see the gun “all the way out.”

• Appellant then fired a third shot.

Appellant's account was contradicted by Caitlyn's statements and testimony. Caitlyn made several statements at the scene to officers, which were audio- and video-recorded on officers’ body cameras; a portion of the videos was played for the jury.

• When the first officer arrived at the scene in response to a 911 call, Caitlyn said she had not seen anything.

• A few minutes later, in response to questions from another officer, Caitlyn said she could explain what happened.

• She said that Ortiz bought a phone that been stolen from Welch.

• She told the officer that Appellant demanded the phone from Ortiz and threatened him if he did not give Appellant the phone and that Ortiz said he did not have it and told Appellant to “check my pockets.”

• Then Ortiz started running, at which point Appellant shot him.

• Later, after Caitlynn and Casie had been in the house together outside of the officers’ presence, an officer asked Caitlyn to come out to the porch and “walk me through it.”

• In this conversation, Caitlyn's description of the events was that Appellant confronted Ortiz about the phone and then tried to rob Ortiz, and Appellant pulled a gun first. Ortiz pulled out his gun in response to Appellant's threat to rob him, and Appellant told him, “Run your pockets.”

• Ortiz responded, “[N]o,” and started to run toward the house, and Appellant shot him in the back as he ran.

• Later that evening, in response to a request to give a statement at the police station, Caitlyn said “I didn't see it, only my sister did.”

In her trial testimony, Caitlyn said that she was on the front porch when Ortiz and Casie were standing by Appellant's SUV; that it was dark; and that there was some lighting allowing her partially to see Ortiz and Casie, although the railing around the front porch blocked her view in part.

• She did not hear the conversation between Appellant and Ortiz until Appellant raised his voice.

• She saw Appellant exit the car and pull a gun. Then she saw the door hit Casie, who was standing next to Ortiz.

• Caitlyn saw Appellant point the gun at Ortiz's head and heard Appellant tell Ortiz to empty his pockets.

• She also testified that Ortiz was holding his hands at his side with his palms out and told Appellant he would not empty his pockets.

• Appellant then told Ortiz he would shoot, and Ortiz responded, “[S]hoot.”

• Appellant then shot Ortiz and fired the gun two more times.

• Caitlyn said she heard Ortiz fall, she did not see Ortiz holding his gun or gesture as if he were going to pull a gun, and she did not hear Ortiz threaten Appellant.

On the evening of the shooting, Casie gave a statement to officers at police headquarters; this statement was audio-recorded and played for the jury.

• According to Casie, when she and Ortiz heard Appellant and Welch were at Casie's house, she believed it was about Welch's cell phone.

• When she and Ortiz arrived back at the house, they walked up to the driver's side of Appellant's car; Ortiz had his gun “behind his pants” at the time.

• Appellant asked Ortiz where the phone was, demanded that Ortiz give it to him, said he was not going to pay for it, and asked why Welch should have to pay for her own phone.

• Ortiz responded that he had paid for it and did not know it had been stolen.

• Appellant then jumped out of the SUV with a pistol and told Ortiz to empty his pockets.

• Ortiz said he would not do that and that he did not have the phone, and Appellant said, “I don't care, empty your pockets.”

• Ortiz did not pull out his gun, but said, “[B]ro, you goin’ have to bust”;

• Appellant replied, “I'm fixin’ to bust at you.” Appellant then fired at Ortiz. Ortiz turned and started to run, and Appellant continued to shoot.

• Casie believed that Ortiz's gun fell out of his waistband when he fell to the ground.

In Casie's trial testimony, she stated that Welch's phone had been stolen; that Ortiz had subsequently bought the phone; and that Ortiz was trying to make money from Welch by selling her phone back to her because Welch owed him money for drugs.

• Casie was standing by the driver's side of the SUV when Ortiz was talking to Appellant about the cell phone.

• When Ortiz refused to return the phone, Appellant's tone of voice changed, and he opened the SUV door, knocking Casie to the ground.

• Appellant had a “pistol” in his hand. Casie stood up behind Ortiz, and Appellant, with the gun pointed at Ortiz's face, told Ortiz to “empty your pockets or I'll shoot you.”

• Ortiz had his hands up, but when he moved his arm “a little bit,” Appellant shot him. Ortiz turned to run away, and Appellant shot him two more times.

• When Ortiz fell to the ground, his gun fell out of his waistband.

According to Welch's statement to police on the night of the shooting, which was audio- and video-recorded and played for the jury, Appellant asked Ortiz if he would give Welch back her phone, and Ortiz said she could buy it back.

• Appellant and Ortiz continued to talk about the phone, and Ortiz said that if Welch did not pay for the phone, then he had nothing for them.

• Appellant pulled out a gun and although Welch could not really see what was happening and did not see the gun, she guessed that Ortiz reached for a gun and then she heard three shots fired.

• Then Appellant drove away very quickly, and Appellant told her that Ortiz had pulled a gun on him and tried to rob him.

• Law enforcement officers began to pursue the SUV, and during the high-speed chase that ensued, Appellant spoke with someone on the phone and told that person he shot someone who had tried to rob him.

In her trial testimony, Welch stated that Ortiz and Appellant argued loudly about the phones, with Ortiz saying he needed to be paid for it.

• Ortiz was the first to pull a gun, and he had a gun in his hand as he argued with Appellant. [6]

• She heard the gunshots and saw Ortiz on the ground, and then Appellant got back in the SUV.

• Welch also testified that prior to the trial, Casie told her that Ortiz “did kind of have [the gun] out,” but Casie “didn't think he was going to.”

After the shooting, Appellant and Welch drove away, with Welch's child still in the car. Police officers in the area heard the gunshots, saw Appellant's SUV drive by at a high rate of speed and without the lights on, began to pursue the vehicle, and attempted to initiate a traffic stop. Appellant did not stop and led officers on an approximately 15-to-20-minute high-speed chase, which ended when officers conducted a “PIT maneuver.” Appellant put his hands outside of the car window, asked officers not to shoot, and told them there was a baby in the car. As he was removed from the SUV, Appellant told officers he had a .40-caliber handgun in his front waistband; that gun was in a holster. Officers took possession of the holstered gun, as well as two additional firearms from the SUV — a nine-millimeter handgun from underneath Appellant's seat and an AR-15 rifle from the back seat.

Meanwhile, back at the crime scene, a neighbor who had heard gunshots and screaming arrived at the house before law enforcement officers arrived. He testified that when he approached the house, Casie was sitting on the ground next to Ortiz. When the neighbor reached toward Ortiz to see if Ortiz was breathing or had a pulse, he saw a handgun lying on the ground between Ortiz's right hand and his waist; the neighbor picked up the gun, moved it away from Ortiz's body, and when a law enforcement officer arrived on the scene, the neighbor pointed out where he had placed the gun. The officer cleared a bullet from the chamber of the gun.

Testimony from the medical examiner, a firearms expert, and an officer established that Ortiz suffered three gunshot wounds — one to the abdominal area, one to the back of his right arm, and one to his upper back. The testimony also established that two of the wounds were caused by bullets fired from the nine-millimeter handgun recovered from Appellant's car.

We have reviewed the record and conclude that, viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the evidence presented at trial was constitutionally sufficient to authorize a rational jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant was guilty of felony murder predicated on possession of a firearm by a convicted felon and possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). [7]

2. Appellant contends (asserting interrelated arguments) that his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective for failing to request a jury instruction about self-defense under OCGA § 16-11-138. That statute provides that “[d]efense of self or others, as contemplated by and provided for under Article 2 of Chapter 3 of this title, shall be an absolute defense” to various statutes criminalizing the carrying and possession of firearms in specified ways, including prohibiting the possession of firearms by a convicted felon. See OCGA § 16-11-131 (b). OCGA § 16-11-138 became effective in 2014, see Ga. L. 2014, p. 599 § 1-10, [8] three years before the shooting and five years before the trial of this case. We have previously explained that OCGA § 16-11-138 (a) “potentially justif[ies] not only threats or uses of force ... but also the possession or carrying of a weapon in violation of Title 16, Chapter 11, Article 4, Part 3.” Johnson v. State, 308 Ga. 141, 145, 839 S.E.2d 521 (2020). [9] Thus, under this statute, if the jury believed that Appellant was acting in self-defense when he shot Ortiz, the jury was required to acquit him of felony murder based on felon-in-possession. See generally State v. Remy, 308 Ga. 296, 300, 840 S.E.2d 385 (2020) (stating that under OCGA § 16-11-138, if defendant, who was convicted felon, was acting in self-defense at the time of the shooting, “it cannot be said that he was committing a felony when he shot [the victim].” (cleaned up)).

The additional facts relevant to this claim are as follows. Although Appellant was not indicted for felony murder based on felon-in-possession, on the first day of the trial, the State requested that the jury be charged that it could find Appellant guilty of felony murder based on felon-in-possession, as a lesser-included offense of malice murder, and the trial court so instructed the jury. Appellant's sole defense was that he was acting in self-defense when he shot Ortiz. [10] However, Appellant's trial counsel did not request a jury instruction on OCGA § 16-11-138 and acknowledged during the motion for new trial hearing that he was unfamiliar with OCGA § 16-11-138 at the time of the trial. [11]

During closing arguments, trial counsel told the jury that Appellant was guilty of felon-in-possession and that self-defense did not apply to the felon-in-possession count. Trial counsel argued, “You're absolved of criminal responsibility if you are reasonably defending yourself. What he's not able to apply to is clearly the possession of a firearm by a convicted felon and fleeing the officers.” Trial counsel did not explain that Appellant was justified in possessing the gun at the time he shot Ortiz if Appellant was acting in self-defense. In contrast, trial counsel argued that self-defense applied to felony murder predicated on attempted armed robbery and aggravated assault.

In the morning of the second full day of its deliberations, the jury sent out the following note:

Can Darnell, as a convicted fellon [sic] with a weapon, be justified to use a weapon (gun) to defend himself if he fears for his life?

In the eyes of Georgia law what has presidence [sic]:

- self defense (at all costs)

- fellon [sic] in possession of a weapon defending himself

During a brief discussion with the parties, the trial court indicated its understanding of the note as asking “can a felon grab a gun and shoot somebody in self-defense and does the self-defense still apply in that situation,” and that the answer to that question was “yes.” With the parties’ agreement, the trial court wrote under the first question, “Yes if he reasonably fears for his life.” The trial court then told the parties that in response to the second question posed, he wrote, “That is an issue for you to decide.” Trial counsel responded “correct” and stated he had no objection to the answer as given. The note, with the trial court's written responses, was returned to the jury, and the trial court did not address the jury in person. That afternoon [12] the jury returned its verdicts, finding Appellant not guilty of malice murder, aggravated assault against Ortiz, and felony murder predicated on aggravated assault and attempted armed robbery, but finding him guilty of felony murder predicated on felon-in-possession, as well as on some of the indicted crimes. See footnote 1 above.

To establish that his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective, Appellant must prove both deficient performance by his counsel and resulting prejudice. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 LE2d 674 (1984). To establish deficient performance, Appellant must show that his attorney's acts or omissions were “objectively unreasonable ... considering all the circumstances and in the light of prevailing professional norms.” Davis v. State, 299 Ga. 180, 182-183, 787 S.E.2d 221 (2016). The law recognizes a “strong presumption” that counsel performed reasonably, and the defendant bears the burden of overcoming this presumption. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S.Ct. 2052. To carry this burden, Appellant must show that “no reasonable lawyer would have done what his lawyer did, or would have failed to do what his lawyer did not.” Washington v. State, 313 Ga. 771, 773, 873 S.E.2d 132 (2022). To establish the required prejudice, Appellant must show that but for his attorney's unprofessional errors, there is a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different. See Davis, 299 Ga. at 183, 787 S.E.2d 221. “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052.

(a) Deficiency prong. As noted above, the record establishes that trial counsel's lack of understanding of the law governing a convicted felon's statutory right to use a firearm in self-defense underlies his failure to request a charge on OCGA § 16-11-138, his failure to argue that self-defense applied to felony murder based on felon-in-possession, and his agreement with the trial court's response to the jury's second question. “An attorney's ignorance of a point of law that is fundamental to his case combined with his failure to perform basic research on that point is a quintessential example of unreasonable performance under Strickland.” Hinton v. Alabama, 571 U.S. 263, 274, 134 S.Ct. 1081, 188 L.Ed.2d 1 (2014). While counsel's decisions based on a misunderstanding of the applicable law are not per se deficient, “a defendant can carry his burden of showing deficiency if, under the circumstances, the challenged action cannot be considered a sound trial strategy.” Swanson v. State, 306 Ga. 153, 158, 829 S.E.2d 312 (2019) (cleaned up) (concluding that trial counsel performed deficiently in failing to request a jury charge on defense of habitation, when that defense was expressly authorized by statute and applicable to the defendant's defense of justification). Here, trial counsel testified at the hearing on the motion for new trial that while it was his strategy to concede Appellant's guilt for felon-in-possession, he did not have a clear understanding about how to structure the argument in light of the trial court's decision to instruct the jury on felony murder predicated on felon-in-possession; he also had no strategic reason for failing to request an instruction on OCGA § 16-11-138. And there is nothing in the record or our case law that would support the conclusion that under these particular circumstances, it could be a reasonable strategic decision to fail to ensure that the jury knew — either through an explicit instruction on OCGA § 16-11-138 or through clear argument — that Appellant had an absolute defense to felony murder predicated on felon-in-possession if the jury believed that the shooting was in self-defense.13 See id.; Benham v. State, 277 Ga. 516, 517-518, 591 S.E.2d 824 (2004) (trial counsel's failure to request defense-of-habitation instruction was due to counsel's failure to understand the available defenses and constituted deficient performance).

Moreover, the jury's note indicated that there was confusion about the application of self-defense to felony murder and felon-in-possession. See generally Reese v. State, 314 Ga. 871, 872, 882, 880 S.E.2d 117 (2022) (recognizing that jury note indicated jury was misled by misstatements of law in closing arguments); Flood v. State, 311 Ga. 800, 805-807, 860 S.E.2d 731 (2021) (where jury was charged on malice murder and lesser included offense of voluntary manslaughter, recognizing that jury confusion was indicated by jury's note stating that 11 jurors were considering convicting the defendant on “lesser charge of felony murder” or on involuntary manslaughter). The confusion is evident here because despite being instructed by the trial court that “[t]he fact that a person's conduct is justified is a defense to prosecution for any crime based on that conduct,” the jury asked whether Appellant, as a convicted felon, could be justified to use a gun in self-defense.14

In the face of this evident jury confusion, the trial court's response to the second question — “that is an issue for you to decide” — did nothing to clarify the confusion, regardless of how the question is interpreted.15 If, as the State suggests on appeal, the second question is duplicative of the first, then providing different responses to the same question is obviously incorrect. If, however, the second question is read as asking whether the jury may convict on felon-in-possession even if it finds Appellant acted in self-defense, the response utterly failed to inform the jury that Georgia statutory law provides an absolute defense to felony murder based on felon-in-possession if the jury believed that Appellant acted in self-defense. See OCGA § 16-11-138. Finally, regardless of exactly how the jury's second question is understood, the two questions themselves signaled that the jury was confused by the concession that Appellant was a convicted felon and not permitted to possess a gun and the claim that he was justified in using a gun in self-defense. Especially given that self-defense was Appellant's sole defense to felony murder based on felon-in-possession, we conclude that no reasonable attorney would have agreed with the trial court's response to the jury's second question, which at best was a non-answer, and at worst, authorized the jury to convict on felony murder based on felon-in-possession even if it believed Appellant's claim of self-defense. See generally Reese, 314 Ga. at 879-883, 880 S.E.2d 117 (reversing conviction where trial court's instructions on defendant's affirmative defense of justification were erroneous and trial court's response to jury's note indicating confusion about those instructions did not remedy the error); Hall v. Wheeling, 282 Ga. 86, 87, 646 S.E.2d 236 (2007) (failure to object to erroneous jury instruction that allowed jury to convict on manner not alleged in indictment was deficient performance). Compare Collins v. State, 312 Ga. 727, 749-752, 864 S.E.2d 85 (2021) (trial counsel's agreement that jury question asking “Rule of Law Question” should not be answered was not unreasonable strategic decision, where counsel indicated that initial instructions covered principles outlined in question and written copy was given to jury); Stepp-McCommons v. State, 309 Ga. 400, 407, 845 S.E.2d 643 (2020) (failure to object to trial court's legally correct response to jury question was not deficient performance).

Accordingly, we conclude that trial counsel's failure to request a charge on OCGA § 16-11-138, coupled with his failure to clearly explain that self-defense applied to felony murder based on felon-in-possession and his agreement with the trial court's response to the jury's second question, constitutes deficient performance.

(b) Prejudice prong. “Jury instructions are the lamp to guide the jury's feet in journeying through the testimony in search of a legal verdict.” Henry v. State, 307 Ga. 140, 146, 834 S.E.2d 861 (2019) (cleaned up). Given the importance of correctly instructing the jury on the issues critical to a proper understanding of a defendant's theory of defense, trial counsel's failure to request appropriate jury instructions and to object to a trial court's incorrect response to a jury note is prejudicial if but for the errors, there is a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different. See, e.g., Swanson, 306 Ga. at 161-162, 829 S.E.2d 312 (determining that trial counsel's deficient performance in failing to request instruction on defense of habitation was prejudicial); Benham, 277 Ga. at 518, 591 S.E.2d 824 (same). See also Henry, 307 Ga. at 146, 834 S.E.2d 861 (instructional error related to defense of justification was harmful); Woods v. State, 291 Ga. 804, 810-811, 733 S.E.2d 730 (2012) (instructional error that deprived jury of “proper guidelines for determining guilt or innocence” was harmful and reversible error (cleaned up)); Price v. State, 289 Ga. 459, 461-462, 712 S.E.2d 828 (2011) (instructional error that “failed to fairly present [Appellant's] defense to the jury” was harmful and reversible error (cleaned up)).

Here, Appellant testified that he acted in self-defense, self-defense was the only defense proffered, and the jury acquitted him of the other offenses arising out of the shooting of Ortiz for which self-defense was asserted — malice murder, felony murder based on aggravated assault, and aggravated assault. In addition, the jury note indicated that the jury was contemplating whether Appellant's claim of self-defense could apply to the felon-in-possession charge and was confused about the subject. However, counsel's deficiencies deprived the jury of understanding that OCGA § 16-11-138 provided an absolute defense to felony murder predicated on felon-in-possession if it believed that Appellant was acting in self-defense when he shot Ortiz. And viewing the jury instructions as a whole, including the responses to the jury's questions that indicated its confusion, the jury was not otherwise clearly instructed that it was required to acquit Appellant of felony murder based on felon-in-possession if it believed he was acting in self-defense. Under these unique facts, we conclude that Appellant has met his burden of showing that but for the cumulative effect of counsel's deficiencies, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have been different.

Accordingly, we reverse Appellant's convictions and sentence for felony murder and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.

3. Because we are reversing the felony murder conviction, which is the only conviction supporting the conviction for Count 8, possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, we also reverse that conviction. See King v. Waters, 278 Ga. 122, 123-124, 598 S.E.2d 476 (2004) (habeas court erred in failing to vacate weapons possession conviction when predicate was vacated). Compare Mason v. State, 279 Ga. 636, 639, 619 S.E.2d 621 (2005) (alleged erroneous jury instruction on aggravated assault would not require reversal of weapons possession offenses under King v. Waters where those offenses could be predicated on alternative convictions).

Because, as discussed in Division 1 above, the evidence was legally sufficient to support the jury's guilty verdicts, the State may retry Appellant for felony murder predicated on felon-in-possession as well as for possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony. See Heard v. State, 309 Ga. 76, 83 n.10, 844 S.E.2d 791 (2020). [16]

Judgment reversed in part.

All the Justices concur.

LaGrua, Justice, concurring

I agree with the majority opinion that our prior cases on ineffective assistance of counsel and felony murder require reversal here, so I concur. Under OCGA § 16-11-138, Appellant indeed had an absolute defense to felony murder predicated on possession of a firearm by a convicted felon if the jury believed that he shot Ortiz in self-defense. See Johnson, 308 Ga. at 145, 839 S.E.2d 521; Remy, 308 Ga. at 300, 840 S.E.2d 385. I write separately because the jury's confusion over the interplay between self-defense and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon is understandable. I question whether OCGA § 16-11-138 was intended to protect felons who intentionally arm themselves and then use those weapons in situations like this. If that was not the intent, the General Assembly should clarify the statute. Nonetheless, that is where the law stands, so we must apply it.

I am authorized to state that Justice Colvin joins in this concurrence.